• Tradition realistic in Western literature does not start today. Already in the Ancient and Middle Ages, it was remarked, through the works of philosophers and writers, an event but a clear need for reproduction of reality. In his book entitled Reading realism and naturalism, Colette Becker notes that:
"Realism is not an invention of the nineteenth century. It exists in Western literature since ancient tradition of "imitation" of reality, which finds its starting point in the book X of Plato's Republic, where the Mimesis is placed in the third rank after the Truth. [...] The term realism is contrasted with idealism, with which it forms an antithesis. "
Moreover, realism has surfaced so large in Western literature in general and French in particular in the second half of the nineteenth century. It is, in other words, "around 1850 [that] the word realism began to enter the vocabulary of criticism, we soon battled for or against the ideas he presented, and we end up worrying to give precise definitions. "It is sort of a reaction the current romantic, from the late eighteenth century with François René de Chateaubriand with his memoirs from beyond the grave, and Jean Jacques Rousseau, including his Confessions, and early next century (XIX) gave importance to the free expression of personal feelings of poets and novelists. French romanticism of the nineteenth century was particularly dominated by Victor Hugo, Alfred de Musset, Lamartine, etc.. who, through their poems, gave free rein to their imagination. By asking this cons romantic tradition, realism is defined as a faithful reproduction of social realities. This current is born of the need to react against the "romantic sentimentalism." It aims to depict reality as it stands, without artifice and without any idealization. He chose his subjects most often in the middle class and / or popular, covers topics such as paid work, marital, or social conflicts.
The term realism refers first, strictly speaking, "a school, building on the legacy of a Balzac or Stendhal, wanted to systematize the fidelity to reality and had its heyday in the years from 1850 to 1870. "Realism is also an attitude far beyond the narrow confines of a school. The movement of the nineteenth century French realist will Honore de Balzac Gustave Flaubert. For both authors, in fact, the novelist must be objective in its reproduction of reality, and the novel, Stendhal's term, must be "a mirror that we walk along a path. The novel is thus a reflection of social realities, the design is based on a carefully assembled documentation. Thus, Gustave Flaubert, writing Salammbo (1862) bent on finding any information on the daily life of warriors and ancient Carthage.
The desire to make true, give a flavor of reality effect in their work realistic pushes the authors to pay more attention to the world around them, to give more time for observation of social facts. The novelist is a historian of his time, his work record in the major events of his time. The works of writers like Balzac and Stendhal convey a more or less complete on the lifestyle, customs and traditions of the French nineteenth century. Works such as Le Pere Goriot (1835) and The Red and Black (1830) are true masterpieces of French literature realistic nineteenth century that the reader enough information about the social realities of the time. The Red and Black for example is a painting of French society during the Restoration, as indicated by its subtitle: Chronic 1830. Similarly, Father Goriot, which is published during the same period, is a critique of the flaws of the French society of the time as selfishness, opportunism, excessive love of money, etc.. •
Naturalism Naturalism French made his entrance, decisively, in the tradition of literary criticism and in the second half nineteenth century. He was particularly dominated by Emile Zola, who through his works including germ which traced the life of the mining end of the century, pushed the observation of social facts far. Naturalists were inspired by the experimental methods of the era dominated mainly by the works of Claude Bernard. According to them, "the novel must [...] now be non-narrative story of mischievous, entertaining or comforting, but an analysis of the contemporary world, exploring all media, including the" lower classes ", previously deemed too trivial. He must use discoveries and methods of medicine. "We see through this quote, the current naturalistic goes further than its predecessor, the realism. The novelist no longer content with a simple observation of gross social facts, adopt an experimental method which led to an investigation in the same way as scientists, observed realities. Emile Zola, before writing his novels, he used to visit hospitals and mines to give a flavor of authenticity to his words, as illustrated by this passage in which Zola describes the methods used by the novelist naturalist
"One of our naturalists novelists want to write about the world of theater. It departs from this general idea, without even a fact or figure. His first task will be to bring in notes everything he can to know about the world he wants to paint [...] He collects words, stories, portraits [...] He will then travel to written, reading everything that may be helpful. Finally he visited the scene, live theater in a few days to know every corner [...] will be impregnated as possible to the ambient air. "The term naturalism
:
" Took over the centuries many meanings that do not exclude each other. He first appointed a scholar dealing with natural history and natural sciences and life sciences. In the seventeenth century, was added to the first direction sense philosophical naturalist is one who says "The phenomena by the laws of mechanism and without recourse to supernatural causes (Furetiere Dictionaries, 1727). In the nineteenth century, the word enters the vocabulary of Fine Arts: Art Criticism Castagnary used since 1863 in preference to that of realism, which since 1855 has connotations trivial [...] to describe the evolution of contemporary art to the representation of reality. "
Naturalism is therefore a continuation of realism in the above. It describes the social misery, physical and moral people sacrificed to the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century.
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