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Baraka, Ron Fricke (1992) Ryu Murakami

That is when the only image gives the universal, when the silence begins to speak to deliver messages more heartbreaking than each other, where simplicity begets beauty and harmony? It then remains silent until you feel in harmony with the succession of sequences with perfect aesthetics.

"Baraka" is certainly the most successful documentary in the description of the human condition. Describing humanity as an eternal, Ron Fricke built what one already knows and makes us open our eyes through comparisons sound somewhat disreputable.
Time is a simple fact here is that different rhythms. Thus the lush landscapes that we are led to see time-lapse movies to show that there is a timeless beauty, unreachable by humans and yet inseparable from it. It is the same for movies dealing with our modern societies. Similar to those chicks who are embarked on automated lines and whose outcome is already predetermined, we live in a ritual commercial bartering our services against the needs superfluous. The result is a repetitive and unnecessary movement leaving the lowest in absolute poverty and timeless. However, when the director returns to our unit of time is to shoot ancestral rituals or faces of pious people. Man would he happy in the belief and innocence? Such is the problem posed by "Baraka". A life is chaotic and illusory object godly living and framed, devoid of materialism.

Destruction is also one of the major themes of the documentary. Filming with passion remains of ancient civilizations, the director makes us admit that Beau, the culmination Luxuriant and are ephemeral, a sort of transition between size and return to animality. Humanity takes this cyclical aspect to our eyes, looking at the new Beautiful, repeating the same mistakes as the past, striving to bite the tail.

"Baraka" is a documentary optimistic because it highlights a planetary beauty that seems immutable, unreachable by humans. "Baraka" is a documentary pessimistic because it shows humans and civilization as a perishable entity constantly reborn from its ashes to disappear again in the same way. "Baraka" is a great lesson cinema that turns its back on the Art Text for shoving the feelings of the viewer. A documentary and a must worship.

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Forced migration

The twentieth century was "the century of genocides." In a century, there were four genocides that have prevailed in their wake thousands of people. This century stands out so by multiplying the mass crimes that have caused large movements of forced migration of entire populations were forced to take the path to deportation or exile. The first recorded by forced migration this century was the deportation of the Herero. At the beginning of the century in 1904, this nation was forced to leave their living space for reasons related to the German policy of domination of their country. It was in the list of deportations that would save the century later, the first to have undergone forced migration. This forced migration is known as people who carry neither the choice of departure nor the destination. The Herero people, like Jews and Cambodians, were not told they were leaving their homes by force or under what conditions he would live. In their book The Century of the camps, Joel Kotek and Pierre Rigoulot point, about the Herero that:
"Few people today know the existence of the Herero, their history, their destiny. Yet it this people, who lived within the boundaries of present-day Namibia, has matured the unenviable privilege of suffering the first genocide of the twentieth century [...] and to inaugurate the forced labor in concentration camps where the German colonial was deported and imprisoned. "
The Germans who a few years later as we shall see, had masterminded the deportation of Jews to death camps at Auschwitz were deemed essential in their policy of colonization of the African people to carry out its forced displacement. Thus, as noted by these authors,
"The purpose of the administration German by forcing these people to abandon their land was to transform the South West African colony of white settlement, to park in the native reserves and, if they prove recalcitrant and troublesome to get rid of it altogether . "
The objective of the Germans by forcing these people to forced migration at the cost of their lives had been occupying their land in a defined purpose in advance. This settlement policy was also practiced by other European colonizers in Africa and elsewhere where some colonies were considered as areas accommodate settlement before the Europeans. This was particularly the case of Algeria had been colonized by France since 1830. Jacques Ferrandez notes:
"The modern colonial era began for France, the capture of Algiers in July 1830. After the victory of the expeditionary force of Charles X, the question is: should we keep Algiers and the surrounding areas? And for what? The question was soon decided: Algeria became the first element of the second French colonial empire [...] It even became the only French settlement. "At the same
vein as the forced migration of Herero people in 1904 by the German colonial administration, it is noted that the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. Indeed, in 1915 and 1916, during World War I, between 1.2 million and 1.5 million Armenians were killed on the spot or died during deportation. In 1914, after failed negotiations with the Russians, Turkey ranks in the camp of the Triple Alliance. The Armenians had announced as early as August of that year they fulfill their duty as Ottoman citizens. However, in November 1914, the jihad was proclaimed by the Sultan, and from the beginning the war the Armenians are presented as spies and traitors to the empire. And
"May 20, 1915, the Interior Minister Young Turk Mehmed Taalat promulgated an interim order of deportation [...] The law provided that the deportations should take place in" the best possible conditions "to the deserts of Syria where the Armenians were supposed to relocate away from the front lines [...] The scheme developed by this law was twofold: first, it diverted attention from the victims of the real intent, which was that of extermination, but it was mainly intended to lay the foundations of post-genocidal attitude of exoneration. "
As the Armenian population of Ottoman Turkey was victim of discrimination and deportation in 1914 in full First World War, a few years later, during World War II (1939-1945), Jews of Europe, in their turn were forced by the German Nazis forced migration (deportation) to the concentration camps where they were, for several months, suffocated in gas chambers or died of starvation, thirst and cold. Indeed, in their conquest of Europe and their plan of reorganization of the ethnic composition of Eastern Europe, the Nazis used deportation by train to forcibly remove ethnic territory where they lived. These groups were thus forced to forced migration in exceptional circumstances. The intention of the Nazis being primarily to leave by all possible means the Jews of Europe. To achieve their purpose, they have not skimped on the methods to be used. They thus resorted to all the continent's rail networks to transport Jews to Poland. After beginning exterminate the Jews in specially constructed killing centers, the Nazis deported Jews by train, and during that trains were not available and the distances were short, by forced march or truck.
Like the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire of Turkey and the European Jews, the Cambodians were in the 1970s, victims of forced migration that had emptied the country's major cities of their populations to remote rural areas where they almost all would die in extreme conditions of hunger, thirst and fatigue of work. When the Khmer Rouge came to power Cambodia in 1975, they were determined to create a new company starting up destroying all aspects of the old. They are gradually starting a program to move to urban populations in agricultural cooperatives, to rehabilitate them by removing the very idea of private property, to develop a self-sustaining economy and medicine, to remove silver and family meals. In the following passage, Pine Yathay, Cambodian genocide survivor, recounts the circumstances under which he, his family and thousands of his compatriots were deported by Khmer Rouge:
'The Khmer Rouge entered the temple before dawn. They ordered us to leave the early morning sun. The voice of the officer was ominous. She did not tolerate dissent. The monks and refugees, bringing together the few belongings they could carry, set off. Even the monks were ordered to obey. The open city was emptied of its inhabitants. The deportation began. Some Khmer Rouge soldiers struggled in every direction, near the pagoda, to peddle the evacuation order. They urged people to leave. "So
Phnom Penh, the capital Cambodia, was completely emptied of its population. A whole nation was forced to migrate, leaving everything behind to die in remote rural areas of the country. In doing so, the Khmer Rouge believed revenge and urban population then considered corrupted by luxury and individuality.
In the same vein, we note the forced migration caused by armed conflicts in Africa for several decades. The African continent since the aftermath of independence faced with ethnic wars and / or civilian authorities who have driven thousands of people to take the road of exile to go find refuge elsewhere. The Biafran war in armed conflicts in Africa's Great Lakes via the rebellions in Liberia, Siera Leone and Côte d'Ivoire, the continent seems to beat the bailiffs in violence. In Liberia, rebels and government armed forced are engaged in an armed conflict that had forced much of the civilian population to flee the country to seek protection in neighboring countries. The neighboring country, Sierra Leone, had lived the same nightmare that had forced hundreds of people to forced migration to ensure their safety. Similarly Côte d'Ivoire has experienced a situation of civil war and insecurity that had led in early 2000, thousands of Ivorians to move from one region to another if it is sometimes in neighboring countries. And in Mauritania, in the late 1980s, thousands of citizens were driven from the country to Senegal following the events of 1989. Indeed, in 1989, an incident on the border between Senegal and Mauritania triggers a spiral of xenophobic riots in both countries. Conflict "classic" coexistence between nomadic and sedentary, and a crisis between the two states. Mauritania authorities have carried out extensive raids followed by mass expulsions, the government also decided to expel its own nationals Senegalese supposedly "originating from Senegal. Tens of thousands of people claiming Mauritanian nationality were thus suppressed beyond the common border, including Mali.
In the same vein, Africa Great Lakes (Burundi, Uganda, DRC, Rwanda, etc.). We have witnessed in recent years an upsurge of violence against defenseless civilian populations. This part of the African continent, from the beginning independence, a real powder keg where extremists on all sides, rebels and government forces engaged in a war without thank you forcing thousands of people to flee. This has culminated in the genocidal Rwandan disaster of 1994, three months had pushed in a first step, the Tutsis to flee their homes to escape death, and secondly, the Hutu who, before the impending victory of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, had chosen to flee to neighboring countries not to be surprised and massacred.

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realism and naturalism in the literary tradition in France


• Tradition realistic in Western literature does not start today. Already in the Ancient and Middle Ages, it was remarked, through the works of philosophers and writers, an event but a clear need for reproduction of reality. In his book entitled Reading realism and naturalism, Colette Becker notes that:
"Realism is not an invention of the nineteenth century. It exists in Western literature since ancient tradition of "imitation" of reality, which finds its starting point in the book X of Plato's Republic, where the Mimesis is placed in the third rank after the Truth. [...] The term realism is contrasted with idealism, with which it forms an antithesis. "
Moreover, realism has surfaced so large in Western literature in general and French in particular in the second half of the nineteenth century. It is, in other words, "around 1850 [that] the word realism began to enter the vocabulary of criticism, we soon battled for or against the ideas he presented, and we end up worrying to give precise definitions. "It is sort of a reaction the current romantic, from the late eighteenth century with François René de Chateaubriand with his memoirs from beyond the grave, and Jean Jacques Rousseau, including his Confessions, and early next century (XIX) gave importance to the free expression of personal feelings of poets and novelists. French romanticism of the nineteenth century was particularly dominated by Victor Hugo, Alfred de Musset, Lamartine, etc.. who, through their poems, gave free rein to their imagination. By asking this cons romantic tradition, realism is defined as a faithful reproduction of social realities. This current is born of the need to react against the "romantic sentimentalism." It aims to depict reality as it stands, without artifice and without any idealization. He chose his subjects most often in the middle class and / or popular, covers topics such as paid work, marital, or social conflicts.
The term realism refers first, strictly speaking, "a school, building on the legacy of a Balzac or Stendhal, wanted to systematize the fidelity to reality and had its heyday in the years from 1850 to 1870. "Realism is also an attitude far beyond the narrow confines of a school. The movement of the nineteenth century French realist will Honore de Balzac Gustave Flaubert. For both authors, in fact, the novelist must be objective in its reproduction of reality, and the novel, Stendhal's term, must be "a mirror that we walk along a path. The novel is thus a reflection of social realities, the design is based on a carefully assembled documentation. Thus, Gustave Flaubert, writing Salammbo (1862) bent on finding any information on the daily life of warriors and ancient Carthage.
The desire to make true, give a flavor of reality effect in their work realistic pushes the authors to pay more attention to the world around them, to give more time for observation of social facts. The novelist is a historian of his time, his work record in the major events of his time. The works of writers like Balzac and Stendhal convey a more or less complete on the lifestyle, customs and traditions of the French nineteenth century. Works such as Le Pere Goriot (1835) and The Red and Black (1830) are true masterpieces of French literature realistic nineteenth century that the reader enough information about the social realities of the time. The Red and Black for example is a painting of French society during the Restoration, as indicated by its subtitle: Chronic 1830. Similarly, Father Goriot, which is published during the same period, is a critique of the flaws of the French society of the time as selfishness, opportunism, excessive love of money, etc.. •

Naturalism Naturalism French made his entrance, decisively, in the tradition of literary criticism and in the second half nineteenth century. He was particularly dominated by Emile Zola, who through his works including germ which traced the life of the mining end of the century, pushed the observation of social facts far. Naturalists were inspired by the experimental methods of the era dominated mainly by the works of Claude Bernard. According to them, "the novel must [...] now be non-narrative story of mischievous, entertaining or comforting, but an analysis of the contemporary world, exploring all media, including the" lower classes ", previously deemed too trivial. He must use discoveries and methods of medicine. "We see through this quote, the current naturalistic goes further than its predecessor, the realism. The novelist no longer content with a simple observation of gross social facts, adopt an experimental method which led to an investigation in the same way as scientists, observed realities. Emile Zola, before writing his novels, he used to visit hospitals and mines to give a flavor of authenticity to his words, as illustrated by this passage in which Zola describes the methods used by the novelist naturalist
"One of our naturalists novelists want to write about the world of theater. It departs from this general idea, without even a fact or figure. His first task will be to bring in notes everything he can to know about the world he wants to paint [...] He collects words, stories, portraits [...] He will then travel to written, reading everything that may be helpful. Finally he visited the scene, live theater in a few days to know every corner [...] will be impregnated as possible to the ambient air. "The term naturalism
:
" Took over the centuries many meanings that do not exclude each other. He first appointed a scholar dealing with natural history and natural sciences and life sciences. In the seventeenth century, was added to the first direction sense philosophical naturalist is one who says "The phenomena by the laws of mechanism and without recourse to supernatural causes (Furetiere Dictionaries, 1727). In the nineteenth century, the word enters the vocabulary of Fine Arts: Art Criticism Castagnary used since 1863 in preference to that of realism, which since 1855 has connotations trivial [...] to describe the evolution of contemporary art to the representation of reality. "
Naturalism is therefore a continuation of realism in the above. It describes the social misery, physical and moral people sacrificed to the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century.

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upset or pessimistic outlook

How much land rights? How does the Japanese middle class as it attempts to unravel the mystery of life? What happens when a man was swept away by the whirlwind of his impulses? So many questions asked by the Marquis de Sade of modern times.

Sado-masochism, the influence of sexuality and irreversible breakdown appear to be three main themes of the author. Yet Ryu is immodest to the death, he lays bare before the reader, he reveals his feelings, what he admires in humans. All this recent violence, the return to primitive life made-up by a blinding materialism or the abyssal diving into drugs only reflect the disillusionment experienced by the writer. Ryu loves music (1969, Ecstasy, Melancholia, Thanatos), ancestral cultures (trilogy), and especially the human soul in which he sees an incredible wealth which will result in the only misery and sexual morality.

Like Bukowski, Ryu is a writer must be understood in order to appreciate his work. Admittedly, "The Baby of the locker," a of his masterpieces, is captivating from the first lines and anonymity in any way detrimental to the quality of the narrative. But as soon as we approach his trilogy, "Lines" or "pests", we notice immediately a huge meditative work, careful thought on the primary themes. One wonders why the author gives so much trouble if he does that throw up his disgust with humanity in every word. One thinks of Cioran, but you quickly forget this comparison as the story of Ryu is detached by the duality of his characters.

Ryu's talent lies in his prose and his anarchic construction of narratives. Voluntarily derisory sentences reflect his animality of men who persist to hide behind a dirty window they try to keep the state in order not to see their reflection. Yet what they experience is that the image they dare to face. The writer, in his prose, goes thus wiping the mirror and reconciles the image and its subject. And we go for an avalanche of the most despicable vices, a search of absolute enjoyment by drugs and sex that features lucid because of fallen souls of their plight. Construction is messy drive the nail and bring about a naivety in his characters. It feels so foreign the narrative to better observe and it possesses a decline at the same time that knowledge of the events. In addition to "The Locker Babies Automatic" and "1969", Ryu's novels do not live, they are observed and question every act of our own lives as the extreme images that we inflict with us once the book is closed.

Finally what is funny in Ryu is that it makes us feel what he does not write. Apart from the events he recounts, this raises questions about the pages he has left white. Erroneously considered the bard of the disillusioned generation, he is okay beyond mere description and adds a mystique that triggers the incomprehension and thus the reader's consideration.

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Overview on the myth of middle Soninke

In this reflection, our ambition is not to make an exhaustive study of the myth of elsewhere in the Soninke. This subject, indeed, may be subject to a thorough scientific study. Our goal, in fact, is to give a very concise an idea, an insight into how the Soninke community in Mauritania, Senegal and Mali designs migration. This migration, as we shall see shortly, is always accompanied by a kind of idealization of the country of immigration that for every young man Soninke travel in the West, especially France or Spain, is synonymous with success Total. This discussion is not exhaustive, we "recommend" to readers who want to learn more about this reading: Diasporas workers Soninke (1848 - 1960) of Francis and The Soninke Manchuela Mohammad Timera in France. Before presenting a summary this myth of elsewhere in the Soninke, a brief history of migration of Africans to the continent needed to better understand the context in which this myth was born.
migration of Africans to the French metropolis was made at the beginning, two or three ways. First, it was colonized, forced to participate in the war effort during both world wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945), who were the first to come to France to fight alongside the army French. Between 1914 and 1918 more than 200,000 "Senegalese riflemen, of which 30000 were killed, have participated in the war alongside the Allies. Many black African francophone novels testify to the mobilization of these "Senegalese sharpshooters" in a war that was completely foreign to them. This applies, for example, O my country beautiful people of Senegalese novelist Ousmane Sembene, Strength of Goodness rifleman Bakary Diallo, The Ambiguous Adventure by Cheikh Hamidou Kane, Dead for France Doumbi FACOLY
... Then came the workers textbooks after the Two World Wars, called by the city for its reconstruction, overwhelmingly immigrants in France. Gaston Kelman in his essay entitled I'm black and I do not like cassava wrote:
"France, like most European countries, is faced with the need to modernize the production equipment get older [she had found] No has not the means to engage in a costly upheaval and win it to resort to the importation of labor [his] African colonies. "
Thus Africans seeking better living conditions, decided to leave their families to work in deplorable conditions in Europe. In the end, in this European adventure Africans should also indicate the presence of students who were or recently completed their training in universities and French institutions. Initially, we saw what sociologists have called "the migration of unmarried or single men." Then, using the same sociologists, it was "family reunification" from the 1970s. In 2004, 4.5 million immigrants aged under 18 or over live in France, they represent 9.6% of the population of the same age as against 8.9% in 1999 [53]. "As the immigrant population has long been made a majority of men who came to France to work, women, arrived through family reunification, are now as likely as men (50.3%). "
The Soninke, like most of West Africa, were among the first to choose emigration to the West, particularly France and Spain, as a survival option. At the end of the Second World War, for economic reasons and the appeal of France to its colonies for its post-war reconstruction, young and old community Soninke of Senegal, Mali and Mauritania, which had the taste of adventure "in blood", have decided to seek his fortune elsewhere. This sense of adventure in our Soninke had continued growing until the early 1970s. In fact, these years were in the Sahel, drought and hard times of famine. To save their families from social deprivation, economic room were as young Soninke sentenced to abandon fields and crops to go "sell" their labor or to trade in large cities (Dakar, Nouakchott, Abidjan ...). The most determined of them managed to go a little further in Europe. This migration Soninke youth in the West was accompanied (accompanied yet) a kind of myth that all immigrants living in Europe Soninke is considered the village as a hero. This myth was (is) supplied and maintained by both the migrant and his entourage direct or indirect. The Soninke migrants, in fact, returning from his European adventure vacation for two or three months, through its various actions, his way of dressing and the stories he makes of his adventure, created an entire myth around person, and at the same time, he knowingly or not an image "heavenly" country of immigration (France or Spain). This image is more rooted in the imagination of all young people feel as overwhelmed with feelings of control that makes them dream of a Europe where they could easily make lots of money. Everyone in the community Soninke, participates in the myth. Finally, we are seeing in our community, as indeed in all other West African communities, a sort of "society's forthcoming" if not for ostentation which have value that young people who have emigrated to Europe . This myth is so ingrained in the mentality that every attempt to combat it turns out to be futile from the start. However, it is the responsibility of each (e) of us, Soninke or not to engage in a real campaign to combat the myth that it is true, the Soninke community more harm than good. Young people must understand that the image we convey that Europe is not entirely accurate. That Europe, like Africa, has its poor.
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